Contributors to this volume focus on the fact that while reliable and sensitive detection of characteristic
molecular markers for human exposure to
chemical carcinogens is no longer a barrier to further study, the evaluation of the risk of developing a tumor following such exposures remains adifficult problem. Methods by which human exposure to
carcinogens has been detected are described, including immunoassay techniques, physico-chemical methods and post-labelling assays. A number of studies are then discussed in which molecular markers are being used to assess exposure toenvironmental, occupational and iatrogenic carcinogens, and to relate this information to the type or incidence of