Information is provided from the basic and clinical sciences on the mechanisms damaging the brain from trauma or ischemia. New aspects involve the
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial failure, pathobiology of axonal injury,
molecular signals activating glial elements, or the emerging therapeutical role of neurotrophins. Experimental issues involve a better analysis of the ischemic penumbra, the salvagable tissue. Therapeutic contributions reach from the environmental influence to gene expression, including neuroprotection, such as hibernation - mother
nature's experiment - or hypothermia which is reported to induce cell swelling. Treatment issues deal also with thrombolysis and combination…
