Background. Pharmacokinetics (PK) and
Pharmacodynamics (PD) of a drug in a population can be modeled by nonlinear-mixed-effects-modeling (NONMEM), the present 'gold standard' approach. The purpose of a population PK/PD model may be descriptive and/or predictive. Mixture modeling may help in detecting subpopulations and classifying subjects when subpopulations may have different PK and/or PD profiles. Metoprolol, a cardio-selective beta-blocker is 70%
biotransformed by CYP2D6. Previous studies have demonstrated that mortality in smokers is lower as compared to
nonsmokers. These analyses explore some important issues in modeling and simulation with emphasis on PK and PD of metoprolol and…
